Cavities, also known as dental caries or tooth decay, are small holes that develop in the teeth when the protective enamel and underlying dentin are gradually worn away. This damage occurs when bacteria in the mouth produce acids that erode these outer layers, leading to weakened, decayed areas that can eventually form visible holes or pits in the teeth.

Causes of Cavities

Cavities develop when bacteria, food particles, and saliva combine to form dental plaque—a sticky, acidic film that coats the teeth. Over time, the acids in plaque begin to erode the outer enamel and then the underlying dentin, leading to tooth decay and cavity formation.

While daily brushing and flossing help control plaque buildup, decay often occurs in the back teeth (molars and premolars), where deep grooves and hard-to-reach surfaces make thorough cleaning more difficult. Regular professional cleanings and proper oral hygiene are essential to keeping plaque and bacteria under control.

Symptoms of Cavities

Cavity symptoms can vary depending on the size, depth, and location of the decay. In the early stages, many people don’t notice any discomfort or visible signs. As the decay advances, however, patients may begin to experience:

• Persistent or occasional tooth pain
• Tooth sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks
• Pain or discomfort while chewing
• Visible holes or dark spots on the teeth

Even mild tooth sensitivity or intermittent pain can be an early sign of decay. Regular dental exams are the best way to detect cavities early—before they lead to more serious damage or discomfort.

Treatment of Cavities

The right treatment for a cavity depends on how advanced the decay is—making early diagnosis essential to protect your teeth and prevent further damage. Common cavity treatment options include:

• Fluoride treatments: Help remineralize early decay and strengthen enamel.
• Dental fillings: Repair small to moderate cavities by sealing the affected area.
• Crowns: Restore and protect teeth that are extensively decayed or weakened.
• Root canal therapy: Removes infected tissue when decay reaches the tooth’s inner pulp.

Maintaining excellent oral hygiene is the best defense against cavities. Brush your teeth at least twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, floss daily to remove plaque between teeth, and visit your dentist regularly for cleanings and exams.

Additional Resources

MedlinePlus
National Institutes of Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
WebMD